# 來源與原文定位

查核日期：2026-10-31。下列研究均取得期刊或作者機構典藏的完整正文；新聞與Medium均核讀公開全文。引用文字為原創摘要，不是原文翻譯。新聞日期、事件日期與估計值分別處理。

## 原教科書

Bright, D. S., & Cortes, A. H. (2019). *Principles of management*. OpenStax. Chapter 2, Managerial Decision-Making。

- [2.1 Overview of Managerial Decision-Making](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-1-overview-of-managerial-decision-making)：Deciding When to Decide；What's the Right (Correct) Answer?；What's the Right (Ethical) Answer?。
- [2.2 How the Brain Processes Information to Make Decisions: Reflective and Reactive Systems](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-2-how-the-brain-processes-information-to-make-decisions-reflective-and-reactive-systems)：Reactive Decision-Making；Reflective Decision-Making；The Role of Emotions。
- [2.3 Programmed and Nonprogrammed Decisions](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-3-programmed-and-nonprogrammed-decisions)：The Decision-Making Process／Exhibit 2.4。
- [2.4 Barriers to Effective Decision-Making](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-4-barriers-to-effective-decision-making)：Bounded Rationality；Escalation of Commitment；Time Constraints；Uncertainty；Personal Biases。
- [2.5 Improving the Quality of Decision-Making](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-5-improving-the-quality-of-decision-making)：Table 2.1、Step 3的資料及證據品質、Step 6的評估。
- [2.6 Group Decision-Making](https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/2-6-group-decision-making)：Disadvantages of Group Decisions；How to Form a Quality Group；Table 2.3。

本教材為獨立撰寫的補充文字，原書節名作閱讀定位；未重製原書圖表、活動或段落。Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/principles-management/pages/1-introduction

## 學術研究

### R1｜綜述：雜訊與結構化判斷

Highhouse, S., & Brooks, M. E. (2023). Improving workplace judgments by reducing noise: Lessons learned from a century of selection research. *Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10*, 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-050708

[期刊全文PDF](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-050708)。定位：p.520術語定義、pp.524–527 Reducing Noise／Structuring Judgment、p.529 Conclusion。主要證據來自甄選研究；不同價值取捨造成的歧見，不自動屬於雜訊。

### R2｜理論與既有資料再分析：雙系統觀點

Hochman, G. (2024). Beyond the surface: A new perspective on dual-system theories in decision-making. *Behavioral Sciences, 14*(11), Article 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111028

[期刊全文PDF](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/14/11/1028/pdf?version=1730469002)。定位：§1 Introduction、§5 Case Studies、§6 Processes Within the Two Systems、§7 Summary。本輪取得18頁全文；網站重取偶有流量限制。這是修正模型的觀點，不代表學界已全面推翻雙歷程理論。

### R3｜實驗：有限調整與演算法採用

Dietvorst, B. J., Simmons, J. P., & Massey, C. (2018). Overcoming algorithm aversion: People will use imperfect algorithms if they can (even slightly) modify them. *Management Science, 64*(3), 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2643

[作者公開正式全文](https://faculty.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Dietvorst-Simmons-Massey-2018.pdf)。定位：p.1155 Abstract、pp.1167–1168 General Discussion。三項預測研究；不支持任何人為修改都會提高模型準確度。

### R4｜實驗：演算法偏好

Logg, J. M., Minson, J. A., & Moore, D. A. (2019). Algorithm appreciation: People prefer algorithmic to human judgment. *Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151*, 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.005

[作者公開正式全文](https://www.jennlogg.com/uploads/2/8/9/2/2892148/algorithm_appreciation__logg_minson_moore_2019_.pdf)。定位：p.90 Abstract、pp.98–99 Experiment 4 discussion、p.99 §6 General discussion。適用所研究的估計／預測任務；偏好不等於正確。

### R5｜實驗：錯誤AI建議

Cecil, J., Lermer, E., Hudecek, M. F. C., Sauer, J., & Gaube, S. (2024). Explainability does not mitigate the negative impact of incorrect AI advice in a personnel selection task. *Scientific Reports, 14*, Article 9736. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60220-5

[UCL機構庫正式全文](https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10192009/1/Gaube_s41598-024-60220-5.pdf)；[LMU機構庫備援](https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/133936/1/s41598-024-60220-5.pdf)。定位：p.2 Methods、p.3 Table 1與重複實驗註記、pp.4–11結果、p.12起Discussion。五項實驗共1,403人；1b與2b未另外預註冊。特定模擬甄選與解釋方式，不能概括所有AI解釋。

### R6｜理論綜述／概念分析：可驗證性

Fok, R., & Weld, D. S. (2024). In search of verifiability: Explanations rarely enable complementary performance in AI-advised decision making. *AI Magazine, 45*(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/aaai.12182

[期刊全文](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aaai.12182)。定位：§4 Verifiability、§5 Appropriate Reliance、§7 Conclusion。不是全新實驗，可驗證性也不是普遍充分條件。

### R7｜群體實驗：觀點區辨與整合

Brodbeck, F. C., Kugler, K. G., Fischer, J. A., Heinze, J., & Fischer, D. (2021). Group-level integrative complexity: Enhancing differentiation and integration in group decision-making. *Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24*(1), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219892698

[期刊全文](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1368430219892698)。定位：Method／Participants and Sampling Procedures、Research Design、Procedure during the laboratory session／Part 2、Discussion／Limitations and Future Research。172名學生，三種團體條件各12組四人，另28人個別條件。未測企業績效；本活動是概念啟發的教學設計。

## 權威新聞全文

### N1｜Away後續發展

Jansen, C. (2024, February 14). [Away lays off 25% of internal staff](https://www.retaildive.com/news/away-lays-off-25-of-internal-staff/707553/). *Retail Dive*. 定位：正文首段及後續發言人說明。

James, D. (2025, June 2). [Away appoints new CEO as it expands sales channels](https://www.retaildive.com/news/away-names-jessica-schinazi-ceo-replaces-co-founder-jen-rubio/749552/). *Retail Dive*. 定位：Dive Brief第1–2點、Dive Insight通路段落；引用5月12日公告。新聞可確認人事及通路行動，不足判斷整體重整成敗。

### N2｜Southwest行李政策

Chapman, M. (2025, March 11). [At Southwest Airlines, checked bags will no longer fly for free](https://apnews.com/article/southwest-airlines-checked-bags-fee-free-463d2b0e1176fed222a11cf244648f1a). *Associated Press*. 定位：開頭政策段落及回顧2024年9月公司估計的段落。15億／18億美元均為預測，不是實績。

### N3｜CrowdStrike更新事故

Associated Press. (2024, September 25). [CrowdStrike executive apologizes to Congress for July global tech outage](https://apnews.com/article/crowdstrike-congress-outage-microsoft-windows-aa1e9c84ee34bc38aca69731d9d3b9a7). [有明確日期的AP授權全文](https://kesq.com/news/ap-national-news/2024/09/25/crowdstrike-executive-apologizes-to-congress-for-july-global-tech-outage/)。定位：全文首段、850萬部電腦及程序改善段落。事件為7月、聽證為9月24日、該篇刊登為9月25日。

## Medium專業評論

### M1｜不確定性與結果

Bowne-Anderson, H. (2021, January 7). [Decision making in a time of crisis](https://medium.com/oreillymedia/decision-making-in-a-time-of-crisis-2d05a198537f). *O’Reilly Media on Medium*. 定位：Making Predictions and Thinking Probabilistically；Risk, Probability, Impact, and Decisions。選用理由：資料科學與教育背景、O’Reilly編輯策劃，能連結機率與管理判斷；屬評論，不是新實驗。

### M2｜決策規則與紀錄

Byrd, K. (2023, June 19). [Communication starts well before a decision is made](https://medium.com/design-bootcamp/communication-starts-well-before-a-decision-is-made-9eba4cbf76d8). *Bootcamp on Medium*. 定位：Communicating ‘how we decide’ to build buy-in；Creating a decision log to share, learn, and iterate。選用理由：產品工作經驗，主張可轉為課堂操作；屬實務評論，不是績效因果證據。